Nazionalizzare uno spazio multietnico: storia di Ivan Franko e della Galizia

Nationalizing a multiethnic space: the case(s) of Ivan Franko and Galicia

Yaroslav Hrytsak

Abstract


L’articolo narra la storia dello scrittore ucraino Ivan Franko, originario della Galizia asburgica. Personalità dalle identità e appartenenze molteplici (padroneggiava almeno quattro lingue: tedesco, polacco, yiddish e ruteno-ucraino; i suoi orientamenti culturali cambiarono nel tempo, passando da tedesco e polacco a ucraino; prima di diventare un nazionalista ucraino era stato federalista, ecc.), Franko oggi è ricordato e venerato come poeta nazionale ucraino; di fatto, il più grande poeta nazionale ucraino, secondo solo a Taras Ševčenko (1814-1861), proveniente dall’Ucraina russa. Alla fine della sua vita Franko era considerato un leader ineguagliato nello sviluppo di una moderna identità ucraina, nella misura in cui i ruteni da comunità agraria contadina in gran parte analfabeta erano diventati una società in garn parte alfabetizzata, mobilitata e integrata – in breve, una nazione moderna. Franko divenne un modello per molti ruteni istruiti della sua e della successiva generazione. In questo senso, la sua scelta personale in favore dell’identità ucraina ebbe conseguenze sociali significative. La tesi dell’articolo è che la trasformazione di Franko in poeta nazionale ucraino possa essere adeguatamente compresa solo in un contesto imperiale e transnazionale più ampio: Franko assurse allo status di poeta nazionale non a dispetto degli aspetti multietnici e multiculturali della sua biografia, bensì grazie ad essi.

 

The article tells the story of Ivan Franko, a Ukrainian writer from Hab­sburg Galicia. He had many identities and loyalties (he commanded at least four languages – German, Polish, Yiddish, and Ruthino-Ukrainian; his cultural orientations changed over time ranging from German and Polish to Ukrainian; he was a federalist before he became a Ukrainian nationalist; etc.). Franko is remembered and venerated today as a Ukrainian national poet – as a matter of fact, as the greatest Ukrainian national poet, second only to Taras Shevchenko (1814-1861) from the Russian Ukraine. By the end of his life Franko was considered an unparalleled leader of the develop­ment of a modern Ukrainian identity insofar as the Ruthenians shifted from being a largely illiterate, agrarian, and self-sufficient peasant community to being a largely literate, mobilized, and integrated society – in short, to being a modern nation. Franko became a role model for many educated Ruthenians of his and the next generation. In this sense, his personal choice of Ukrainian identity had significant social consequences. The main claim of the article is that Franko’s transformation into a Ukrainian national poet can be adequately understood only in a wider transnational and imperial con­text: Franko rose to the status of national poet not in spite of, but due to the multiethnic and multicultural facts of his biography.


Parole chiave


Ivan Franko; nazionalismo ucraino; nazionalismo polacco; letteratura ucraina; Galizia;; Ukrainian nationalism; Polish nationalism; Ukrainian literature; Galicia

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15162/2282-5681/1435

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